Eurodegenerative diseases are refractory diseases that can cause symptoms such as loss of sensation, loss of motor function and memory failure. Although traditional treatment method can delay the progress of such diseases, they have obvious limitations. A potential new treatment method involving neural stem cell transplantation can effectively promote the functional recovery and tissue regeneration of nerve cells, and provides a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this paper reviews the existing sources of neural stem cells and research progress using these cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and provides the foundation and direction for further research and application of neural stem cell transplantation in neurodegenerative diseases.