Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (CSVD) is a type of neurovascular disease that seriously affects the cognitive function and quality of life of the elderly population. It is characterized by insidious disease course and complex mechanism. Despite the continuous progress in imaging and epidemiological studies, in-depth exploration of its etiology and intervention strategies still relies on reliable animal models. In recent years, researchers have constructed various animal models to simulate different pathogenic factors of CSVD, including pathways such as chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, hypertension, gene mutations, and coexistence of multiple etiologies, which have been widely applied in mechanism research and drug screening. This article will review and compare various animal models of CSVD based on their modeling methods, main pathologies and application scenarios, and from aspects such as induction methods, observation periods, behavioral and histological characteristics, and transformation potential, with the aim of providing references for subsequent research on the mechanism of CSVD and the development of intervention drugs.