Danio rerio has many advantages as a model animal for nanotoxicology research, such as small size, easy propagation, high reproduction rate, short reproduction cycle, amenable to in vitro fertilization, transparent embryo and easy observation. We review the toxic effects of nanomaterials on Danio rerio, including digestive toxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurological toxicity and embryonic toxicity. The mechanisms of toxicity include oxidative stress, apoptosis, and perturbed gene expression and cell cycle. The main factors influencing the toxicity of nanomaterials are analyzed, including chemical composition, concentration or dose, particle size, shape, drug administration and material preparation method . This review provides a reference for the use of zebrafish as a model for nanotoxicology research.