【】Cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation is closely associated with the activation of neuroinflammation. Sleep deprivation can activate microglia, induce astrocyte dysfunction, and disrupt the blood-brain barrier, collectively driving the neuroinflammatory process and ultimately leading to cognitive deficits. Acupuncture therapy has demonstrated definite efficacy in improving cognitive function following sleep deprivation. From three aspects of inhibiting microglial overactivation, remodeling astrocyte function, and protecting the integrity of blood-brain barrier, the mechanism of acupuncture regulating neuroinflammation through multiple targets to improve cognitive impairment after sleep deprivation was analyzed, and the future research directions were prospected, in order to provide theoretical basis and research ideas for acupuncture intervention in cognitive impairment after sleep deprivation.[1]