Attention refers to the body’ s capacity to maintain alert awareness of internal and external stimuli. Attention deficit can impair an individual’ s learning capacity and working proficiency, resulting in a heavy burden to the family and society. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an emerging neuroregulatory technique that can achieve reciprocal interaction between the central and peripheral nervous systems, which has demonstrated great potential for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases; however, it has not been used clinically to treat attention-deficient developmental disorders in children or neurodegenerative diseases in the aged population. We briefly review the anatomical and physiological bases of VNS, and its application status and potential use in treating attention deficit diseases. A potential mechanism by which VNS participates in attention-related nervous regulation is proposed, to lay a theoretical foundation for the application of VNS in the field of attention nervous regulation.