Alzheimer’ s disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, and is increasingly becoming a global health challenge, in line with the intensification of population aging. The pathogenesis of AD is currently unclear and treatment options are limited. Currently available drugs can only alleviate the symptoms of AD to a certain extent, and cannot delay its progression. Numerous studies, however, have shown that a variety of micronutrients may play a positive role in the treatment of AD. Vitamins and trace metal elements have many functions, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and protection of mitochondria. Micronutrients can effectively reduce β-amyloid protein plaque deposition and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation to improve brain energy metabolism,thereby helping to prevent and treat AD. This article reviews and summarizes the roles of common vitamins and trace metal elements in the prevention and treatment of AD, with the goal of offering new perspectives for the clinical management and prevention of this disease.