Abstract:Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is the end-stage form of heart and kidney disease and it is associated with a poor outcome. Further study of the physiological and pathological mechanisms of CRS is still required to facilitate improvements in treatment. Therefore, it is important to establish appropriate animal models that simulate the features of the pathogenesis of the disease in humans. In this article, we have reviewed and evaluated the clinical relevance of animal models of type II CRS on the basis of a search of the international literature. We discuss simple animal models, which include coronary artery ligation, aortic constriction, spontaneous hypertension, drug administration, arteriovenous fistula, and transgenic mouse models; and composite models, including coronary artery ligation combined with nephrectomy, and nephrectomy combined with drug administration.