Stem cells are known as the “ universal cells” in medicine. With the development of medical technology, the method for treating diseases are constantly being updated. Based on the advantages of adipose mesenchymal stem cells (i.e., they are easy to obtain, easy to amplify in vitro, and cause less ethical controversy), an increasing number of researchers focus on this type of stem cells. Therefore, the application of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in animal models is more and more. This article introduces the clinical application of a typical mouse disease model, analyzes the therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on the disease, and concludes that adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate in many ways by secreting cytokines. Based on clinical research and the application of adipose mesenchymal stem cells, immunomodulation may play a role in the treatment of many kinds of diseases.